Revolução tecnológica e smartphone: considerações sobre a constituição do sujeito contemporâneo / Revolución tecnológica y smartphone: consideraciones sobre la constitución del sujeto contemporáneo / Technological revolution and smartphone: considerations about the constitution of the contemporary subject

RESUMO. O texto, resultante de estudos teóricos empreendidos à luz da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural entre 2016 e 2020, tem como objetivo recuperar a revolução tecnológica como um recurso para a compreensão da constituição dos sujeitos contemporâneos, partindo da máquina a vapor da Primeira Revolução Industrial, empregada nos meios de produção, até o smartphone, empregado na cotidianidade. O smartphone possui níveis tão altos de compactação, portabilidade e operacionalidade que o tornaram uma das mais avançadas tecnologias da história, revelando o elevado grau de desenvolvimento do psiquismo alcançado pelo gênero humano. Ele, mais do que outras tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação (TDICs), tem impactado notadamente a constituição dos sujeitos contemporâneos, especialmente suas funções psicológicas cognitivas. Os resultados demonstram que recuperar dialeticamente o percurso histórico das criações tecnológicas é essencial à psicologia, permitindo ampliar o espectro de análise de como os sujeitos se constituem na atualidade. Conclui-se que a revolução microtecnológica deve ser tomada sob um viés crítico e ético, por tudo o que pode impactar nas relações entre os sujeitos e no desenvolvimento dos seus processos psíquicos.

RESUMEN. El texto, resultante de estudios teóricos realizados a la luz de la Psicología Histórico-Cultural entre 2016 y 2020, tiene como objetivo recuperar la revolución tecnológica como un recurso para comprender la constitución de los sujetos contemporáneos, a partir de la máquina de vapor de la Primera Revolución Industrial, empleada en los medios de producción, hasta el smartphone, utilizado en la vida cotidiana. El smartphone tiene niveles tan altos de compacidad, portabilidad y operabilidad que se ha convertido en una de las tecnologías más avanzadas de la historia, revelando el alto grado de desarrollo de la psique alcanzado por la humanidad. Él, más que otras tecnologías digitales de información y comunicación, ha impactado notablemente la constitución de los sujetos contemporáneos, especialmente sus funciones psicológicas cognitivas. Los resultados demuestran que recuperar dialécticamente el camino histórico de las creaciones tecnológicas es esencial para la psicología, lo que permite ampliar el espectro de análisis de cómo se constituyen los sujetos en la actualidad. Concluye que la revolución microtecnológica debe tomarse desde una perspectiva crítica y ética, para todo lo que pueda afectar las relaciones entre los sujetos y el desarrollo de sus procesos psíquicos.

ABSTRACT. The text, resulting from theoretical studies undertaken in the light of Historical-Cultural Psychology between 2016 and 2020, aims to recover the technological revolution as a resource for understanding the constitution of contemporary subjects, starting from the steam engine of the First Industrial Revolution, used in the means of production, even the smartphone, used in everyday life. The smartphone has such high levels of compactness, portability and operability that it has become one of the most advanced technologies in history, revealing the high degree of development of the psyche achieved by mankind. It, more than other digital information and communication technologies, has impacted notably on the constitution of contemporary subjects, especially on their cognitive psychological functions. The results demonstrate that recovering dialectically the historical path of technological creations is essential to Psychology, allowing to expand the spectrum of analysis of how subjects are constituted today. It concludes that the microtechnological revolution must be taken under a critical and ethical bias, due to everything that can impact on the relationships between the subjects and the development of their psychic processes.

La transmisión del conocimiento tradicional como herramienta educativa para promocionar la salud y el envejecimiento activo en mayores / The transmission of traditional knowledge as an educational tool to promote health and active ageing in the elderly

El envejecimiento activo constituye un tema de especial relevancia en una época donde la necesidad de afrontar los desafíos y oportunidades del siglo XXI han propiciado nuevas formas de entender la educación. Así, el modelo de aprendizaje basado en competencias implantado actualmente en los sistemas educativos europeos, latinoamericanos y de otras zonas debe ser considerado en todos los grupos de edad independientemente de criterios geográficos o sociodemográficos. En la legislación educativa española las competencias son definidas como las «capacidades para aplicar de forma integrada los contenidos propios de cada enseñanza y etapa educativa, con el fin de lograr la realización adecuada de actividades y la resolución eficaz de problemas complejos». Como se deduce de esta definición, el gran reto se basa en llevarlas a la práctica en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje. En este sentido, se presenta el Conocimiento Tradicional (CT) como una herramienta para favorecer el diálogo, la salud intergeneracional y por consiguiente la atención a nuestros mayores desde la escuela a la universidad. Además, el encuentro entre generaciones en diferentes etapas educativas puede poner en valor la experiencia de vida de las personas mayores y el desarrollo de competencias bidireccionales fruto de esa interacción. Actualmente, el “Inventario Español de los Conocimientos Tradicionales relativos a la Biodiversidad” (IECTB), elaborado para dar cumplimiento a la Ley 42/2007, de 13 de diciembre, del Patrimonio Natural y de la Biodiversidad, es un punto de referencia para el trabajo en gerontología social y el desarrollo de materiales didácticos con la filosofía pedagógica planteada. (AU)

Active ageing is a subject of particular relevance at a time when the need to face the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century has led to new ways of understanding education. Thus, the competency-based learning model currently implemented in European, Latin American and other educational systems must be considered in all age groups regardless of geographic or socio-demographic criteria. In the Spanish education legislation, competences are defined as the “abilities to apply the content of each stage of teaching and learning in an integrated manner, in order to attain the appropriate performance of activities and the effective resolution of complex problems”. As can be deduced from this definition, the great challenge lies in putting them into practice in the teaching-learning processes. In this respect, Traditional Knowledge (TK) is presented as a tool to encourage dialogue, intergenerational health and, consequently, care for our elders from school to university. Moreover, the encounter between generations at different educational stages can enhance the life experience of older people and the development of two-way skills resulting from this interaction. Currently, the «Inventario Español de los Conocimientos Tradicionales relativos a la Biodiversidad» (IECTB) (Spanish Inventory of Traditional Knowledge related to Biodiversity), drawn up to comply with Law 42/2007 of 13 December, on Natural Heritage and Biodiversity, is a reference point for the work on social gerontology and the development of teaching materials with the proposed pedagogical philosophy. (AU)

Introduction and Diffusion: Useful and Reliable Knowledge in Early Modern Industrial Japan.

This article explores a key theme in recent scholarship: the impact of the circulation movement of ideas and information by examining, in this case focusing on the spread of weaving techniques across Japanese markets during the Tokugawa (1603-1868) reign. The dissemination of useful knowledge in this period relied on practitioners like artisans and merchants, on wealthy farmers, and family networks in regional communities also influenced this process, as did the conditions inhibiting or encouraging the development, adoption, adaptation, and elaboration of new technologies. Mobility, public culture, and networks played a significant role in the diffusion of knowledge in eighteenth-century Europe, and Japan's weaving in the Tokugawa period provides a non-Western parallel. Thus Japan's case suggests the necessity of further discussion about the "creation" of technological knowledge beyond the "introduction and diffusion" of ideas and information in the context of the Great Divergence debate.

Quantitative research on the efficiency of ancient information transmission system: A case study of Wenzhou in the Ming Dynasty.

In ancient China, an unobstructed, convenient and efficient transmission system nationwide was established for long-distance transmission of information. The transmission system works to different degrees in different regions, which is an important index to measure the interregional information level. Yet, some minor differences, may not be easily sensed by people subjectively. Identifying and quantifying the influences of information transmission efficiency is the best way to solve this problem. Based on the historical information map visualized by ArcGIS software, this study established a hierarchy evaluation model suitable for the analysis of ancient information transmission efficiency from three aspects of Wei-Suo system, beacon system and post system. The information transmission systems in five different regions of Wenzhou in the Ming Dynasty were quantitatively explored respectively. The results break through the qualitative conclusions of the general studies, and find out that the overall information transmission efficiency of Wenzhou in Ming Dynasty was strong in coastal, northern and southern regions, but weak in inland and central regions, which was closely related to the geographical environment and military defense demands in coastal areas of the Ming Dynasty. The model is proven to greatly contribute to judging the spatial configuration of ancient information transmission system in different regions, and provides a new idea for the study on ancient information transmission system.

Fertility and Sterility top videos from 2017 to 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To objectively grade all video publications in Fertility and Sterility during the years 2017-2019 and compile a list of the top 10 surgical videos. DESIGN: Descriptive presentation of the 10 highest-scoring video publications from Fertility and Sterility in the years 2017-2019. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S)/ANIMAL(S): Not applicable. INTERVENTION(S): All 4 authors acted as independent reviewers of all video publications. A standardized scoring method was used to score all videos. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Up to 5 points were awarded for each of the following categories: Scientific merit or clinical relevance of the topic; clarity of video; use of innovative surgical technique; and video editing or use of marking tools on the video to highlight important features or surgical landmarks. This allowed a maximum score of 20 for each video. The number of YouTube views and likes were used as a tiebreaker if ≥2 videos scored similarly. The interclass coefficient from a 2-way random effects model was calculated to assess for agreement between the 4 independent reviewers. RESULT(S): A total of 40 videos were published in Fertility and Sterility during the years 2017-2019. After averaging scores from all 4 reviewers, a top 10 list was created (Table). Only 2 videos (number 6 and 7 spots) had the same average score, and the number of YouTube views and likes were used as a tiebreaker. The overall interclass coefficient for the 4 reviewers was 0.68 (95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.76). CONCLUSION(S): An overall substantial agreement was noted between the 4 reviewers. Ten videos reigned supreme from a list of very competitive publications that had already undergone the peer review process. The subject matter of these videos ranged from complex surgical procedures, including uterus transplantation and use of a biologic graft for neovaginoplasty, to common procedures like hysteroscopic removal of intrauterine devices during pregnancy and approaches to the stenotic cervix.

"Peruvian balsam": an example of transoceanic transfer of medicinal knowledge.

BACKGROUND: Connections between China and the new Spanish colonies in America are known for an exchange of silver for silks and porcelains. That also medicinal drugs and medicinal knowledge crossed the Pacific Ocean is hardly known or discussed. Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms ("New World" or "Peruvian balsam") is a botanical balsam that has a long history of medicinal use, particularly as antiseptic and for wound healing. Except for a Chinese article discussing the reception of balsam in China and Japan, no scientific studies on its impact in China and Japan and the channels of transfer from the Americas to Asia exist. METHODS: Description: (1) This section provides a general introduction into Commiphora gileadensis ("Old World" balsam) as a medicinal category and discusses the specific medicinal properties of Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms. The section "Historical research and uses" provides a brief survey on some historical analyses of balsam. Aim, design, setting: (2) Applying a comparative textual and archaeological analysis the article critically examines Chinese and Japanese sources (texts, maps) to show (i) what Chinese and Japanese scholars knew about balsam, (ii) where and how it was used, and (iii) to identify reasons why the "digestion" of knowledge on balsam as a medicinal developed so differently in China and Japan. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This chapter discusses the introduction of "Peruvian balsam" into, its uses as a medicinal as well as its scholarly reception in early modern China and Japan and introduces the channels of transmission from Spanish America to Asia. It is shown that Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms was partly a highly valued substance imported from the Americas into China and Japan. But the history of the reception of medicinal knowledge on Peruvian balsam was significantly different in China and Japan. CONCLUSIONS: In Japan, the knowledge on Myroxylon balsamum was continuously updated, especially through mediation of Dutch physicians; Japanese scholars, doctors and pharmacists possessed a solid knowledge on this balsam, its origin and its medicinal uses. In China, on the contrary, there was no further "digestion" or development of the knowledge on either Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms or Commiphora gileadensis. By the late nineteenth century, related medicinal and even geographic knowledge had mostly been lost. The interest in "balsam" in late Qing scholarship was pure encyclopaedic and philosophic.

The proximity of ideas: An analysis of patent text using machine learning.

This paper introduces a measure of the proximity in ideas using unsupervised machine learning. Knowledge transfers are considered a key driving force of innovation and regional economic growth. I explore knowledge relationships by deriving vector space representations of a patent's abstract text using Document Vectors (Doc2Vec), and using cosine similarity to measure their proximity in ideas space. I illustrate the potential uses of this method with an application to geographic localization in knowledge spillovers. For patents in the same technology field, their normalized text similarity is 0.02-0.05 S.D.s higher if they are located within the same city, compared to patents from other cities. This effect is much smaller than when knowledge transfers are measured using normalized patent citations: local patents receive about 0.23-0.30 S.D.s more local citations than compared to non-local control patents. These findings suggest that the effect of geography on knowledge transfers may be much smaller than the previous literature using citations suggests.

Library resource sharing and the Medical Library Center of New York.

The creation of the Medical Library Center of New York (MLCNY) was a significant contribution to the history of health sciences librarianship as a model for cooperative, democratic, and practical solutions to the issues of storage and resource sharing. The MLCNY's founding director, Erich Meyerhoff, was a key figure in the successful start-up and ongoing operations of the center, which operated from 1960-2003 and served the greater New York area and beyond. This essay traces the evolution of the center including the creation of the Union Catalog of Medical Periodicals and the demise of the center occasioned by changes in scholarly publishing, technology, and constituent needs.

The British Pharmacological Society's WDM Paton Memorial Lecture 2019: How doctors were informed about pharmaceutical products through advertising in the British Medical Journal from 1955/6 to 1985/6.

We have reviewed pharmaceutical advertisements in every available issue of the British Medical Journal (BMJ) in 12-month periods during 1955/6, 1965/6, 1975/6, and 1985/6. We have determined the amount of advertising, the therapeutic areas covered, and whether adverts reflected the large number of New Chemical Entities (NCEs) launched during that time. For each product we recorded the therapeutic indications, the marketing company, and the number of adverts appearing. The total number of products advertised fell from 340 in 1955/6 to 260 in 1965/6, 70 in 1975/6, and 16 in 1985/6. Advertisement numbers and companies advertising also fell. Antimicrobial drugs and cardiovascular drugs were the top products advertised over the 30 years, with respiratory, analgesic, and gastrointestinal drugs also in the top five. The number of different drugs advertised by individual companies fell from around eight per company in 1955/6 to one or two in 1985/6. There was good concordance between the most advertised therapeutic areas and NCEs entering the market. From the 1950s to the 1980s prescribers were extensively informed about pharmacological advances in therapeutics through BMJ advertisements. Many novel drugs that were advertised proved to be of lasting value. The Medicines Act 1968 introduced product licensing, regulations requiring demonstration of quality, efficacy, and safety, and restrictions on advertising. Subsequently many companies reduced their advertising or stopped altogether. Since advertising influences prescribing, and since antimicrobial drugs were the most commonly advertised products during 1955-86, we speculate that advertising, resulting in excess use, may have, at least partly, driven bacterial drug resistance.

Paolo Boccone and the visual communication of pre-Linnean botany. A comparison between his Leiden herbarium, Paris autoprint and published Icones (1674).

This article addresses the development of visual practices in early modern Botany by focusing on the diverse strategies of graphic representation of plant species. Naturalis Biodiversity Center holds a historic herbarium of 169 sheets with specimens of Mediterranean plants collected by the Sicilian Botanist Paolo Boccone (1633-1704). Part of Boccone's dried specimens served as model for the etchings published in his Icones et descriptiones rariorum plantarum (1674) and part of them were used as matrix for at least one album of botanical autoprints kept in Paris. The exceptional survival of the three collections: the original dried specimens, their autoprint impressions and the etched illustrations of the book, offers a unique insight in the material and intellectual issues addressed in the process of visual representation of plants in early modern Botany. Here we present the first scientific comparison of these three valuable 17th century botanical collections. Visual comparison revealed that the Leiden collection provided 64 specimens to Icones, while 44 specimens show a perfect matching with the autoprint impressions. In nine cases the Leiden specimens appear both in the autoprints and in the Icones, thus showing the complete process of visual translation of the plant preliminary to its wider circulation in the scientific community.

Spatial constraints on the diffusion of religious innovations: The case of early Christianity in the Roman Empire.

Christianity emerged as a small and marginal movement in the first century Palestine and throughout the following three centuries it became highly visible in the whole Mediterranean. Little is known about the mechanisms of spreading innovative ideas in past societies. Here we investigate how well the spread of Christianity can be explained as a diffusive process constrained by physical travel in the Roman Empire. First, we combine a previously established model of the transportation network with city population estimates and evaluate to which extent the spatio-temporal pattern of the spread of Christianity can be explained by static factors. Second, we apply a network-theoretical approach to analyze the spreading process utilizing effective distance. We show that the spread of Christianity in the first two centuries closely follows a gravity-guided diffusion, and is substantially accelerated in the third century. Using the effective distance measure, we are able to suggest the probable path of the spread. Our work demonstrates how the spatio-temporal patterns we observe in the data can be explained using only spatial constraints and urbanization structure of the empire. Our findings also provide a methodological framework to be reused for studying other cultural spreading phenomena.

The Bermuda Triangle: The Pragmatics, Policies, and Principles for Data Sharing in the History of the Human Genome Project.

The Bermuda Principles for DNA sequence data sharing are an enduring legacy of the Human Genome Project (HGP). They were adopted by the HGP at a strategy meeting in Bermuda in February of 1996 and implemented in formal policies by early 1998, mandating daily release of HGP-funded DNA sequences into the public domain. The idea of daily sharing, we argue, emanated directly from strategies for large, goal-directed molecular biology projects first tested within the "community" of C. elegans researchers, and were introduced and defended for the HGP by the nematode biologists John Sulston and Robert Waterston. In the C. elegans community, and subsequently in the HGP, daily sharing served the pragmatic goals of quality control and project coordination. Yet in the HGP human genome, we also argue, the Bermuda Principles addressed concerns about gene patents impeding scientific advancement, and were aspirational and flexible in implementation and justification. They endured as an archetype for how rapid data sharing could be realized and rationalized, and permitted adaptation to the needs of various scientific communities. Yet in addition to the support of Sulston and Waterston, their adoption also depended on the clout of administrators at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the UK nonprofit charity the Wellcome Trust, which together funded 90% of the HGP human sequencing effort. The other nations wishing to remain in the HGP consortium had to accommodate to the Bermuda Principles, requiring exceptions from incompatible existing or pending data access policies for publicly funded research in Germany, Japan, and France. We begin this story in 1963, with the biologist Sydney Brenner's proposal for a nematode research program at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) at the University of Cambridge. We continue through 2003, with the completion of the HGP human reference genome, and conclude with observations about policy and the historiography of molecular biology.

Alfonso de la Peña Pineda y el Intercambio urológico por correspondencia / Alfonso de la Peña Pineda and the Urology exchange by correspondence

Introducción: Los hermanos Alfonso y Emilio de la Peña Pineda propusieron en 1943 crear un sistema de comunicación por correspondencia como en Norteamérica, idea bien aceptada por los urólogos españoles, y que llevó por título Intercambio urológico por correspondencia. Material y métodos: Lectura minuciosa y análisis pormenorizado del contenido de 1944 a 1953, con un promedio de 3 páginas tamaño folio de cada ejemplar. Resultado: Se enviaron 105 números que contienen 234 comunicaciones urológicas, firmadas por 67 urólogos españoles, 2 portugueses y un cirujano general, 39 son traducciones de la publicación similar norteamericana. La temática corresponde a casos personales curiosos o raros, sobre situaciones o problemas de la enfermedad urológica más habitual en la época, de los que únicamente destacan una veintena de artículos. En general el contenido es de poca utilidad e interés, motivo por el que decreció paulatinamente la colasiiboración hasta desaparecer. Conclusión: La propuesta fue respondida mayoritariamente por quienes mantenían relación con la cátedra de Urología de la Facultad de Medicina de Madrid, dirigida por Alfonso de la Peña. La temática cifrada en casos clínicos personales, faltos de interés en su mayoría, llevó a disminuir paulatinamente la aportación de comunicaciones hasta su cese. Sobresalen únicamente unos pocos artículos. El mayor valor del trabajo lo constituye recoger y analizar el contenido de la que sea muy probablemente la única colección completa existente, ya que al no ser editada por imprenta y ser su distribución solo como correspondencia no se ha encontrado en las bibliotecas públicas

Introduction: In 1943, the brothers Alfonso and Emilio de la Peña Pineda proposed creating a communication system by correspondence as in North America, an idea welcomed by Spanish urologists, a system that was named the Urology Exchange by Correspondence. Material and methods: A thorough reading and detailed analysis was conducted of content from 1944 to 1953, with an average of 3 pages of folio size of each copy. Result: A total of 105 issues containing 234 urological presentations were sent, signed by 67 Spanish urologists, 2 Portuguese urologists and 1 general surgeon. Thirty-nine of these presentations were translations of a similar U.S. publication. The subject matter corresponded to curious or rare personal cases, concerning conditions or problems of the most common urological diseases in that era, of which only 20 of those articles stand out. In general, the content is of little use and interest, which prompted the gradual decline in the collaboration until it disappeared. Conclusion: The proposal was answered mostly by those who had a professional relationship with the chair of Urology of the Faculty of Medicine of Madrid directed by Alfonso de la Peña. The subject matter of the personal case studies, most of which lacked importance, lead to the gradual decline in the contribution of presentations until its eventual end. Only a few articles stand out. The study's major value consists of collecting and analysing the content of what is highly likely the only complete collection in existence, given that it was not edited for printing and was distributed only as correspondence and cannot therefore be found in public libraries